The Elasticity of Oil Production and Consumption

Table of Contents Introduction Oil Demand Oil Supply Peak oil production Oil Price elasticity of supply Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Oil is one of the leading good consumed in the world. It is a commodity that is mostly traded at the global scene. Majority of countries in the world depend on this good for servicing their industries and for manufacturing. Oil is the major source of energy in the world. The case of fluctuation in prices of oil is a very common global phenomenon, with the rise in prices bringing a blame game.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Elasticity of Oil Production and Consumption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When oil prices rise a lot of friction is witnessed with most governments blaming the international oil cartels, the citizens blaming the governments for not taking steps to regulate the prices of oil while other economists stand to argue that market forces are t he determining factors and hence no need for blaming one another. The effects of changing prices of oil have far reaching impacts to the global economy (Riley, para. 1). This paper explores the market forces in the oil market and how their elasticity affects the supply and demand of oil. Oil Demand The efficiency of energy, for instance oil can be established by measuring the energy quantity used per unit of the output attained. This is also referred to as energy intensity. It can also be established by comparing the increase in the rate of energy consumption and the rate of gross national product growth which roughly equals to the demand elasticity for energy (Amuzegar and Fonds monetaire international, p. 87). It is a fact that energy demands is at greater length unrelated to the price of energy that is in the short-run. However, in the long-run, resilient changes in prices of energy have a significant effect on the demand for the commodity (Natal, p.26) There exists a strong corr elation between oil and the rate at which the world economy grows because of the essentiality of oil as an input in industry. As the economy develops, demand for oil in the economy rises. For instance, China’s economy has grown very fast, and this growth has been accompanied by a rapid growth of the output of the country in sectors that consume a lot of energy. This has necessitated an upsurge in the demand for oil in the economy of China. This is referred to as cyclical demand (Riley, para. 3). The demand for oil can be also affected by the prices of oil substitute products, for instance the relative price of gas in the market. If more reliable and relatively cheap oil substitutes are developed, that is on a long term basis, the demand is most likely to shift away from oil to its substitutes. However, this is still at a wishful level. The changing seasons affect the demand for oil.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the winter season in the United States and Canada, more energy is needed to run the heating systems both in houses and at the places of work thus the demand for oil rises (Riley, para. 4). There always exists a speculative demand for crude oil that is purchasers always do hope for an increase in oil prices in the world market. This has made many oil businessmen and corporations to invest in buying future oil contracts (Riley, para. 6). Oil Supply When the supply of oil is discussed, a crosscut line should be made between short and long term supply of oil to the global market. The curve indicating short run supply is drawn basing on a given technological state of production and the use of capital inputs in a fixed basis. In the daily supply of oil, a short-run limit is inevitable, but as production nears capacity limits, the short-run oil supply become elastic (Riley, para. 8). The short-run of oil supply is affected by a number of factors. Profit motives of both OPEC non–OPEC countries have a big impact on the supply of crude oil. OPEC accounts for approximately 40 percent of oil supply in the world while other countries account for the other percentage. It thus has a central influence in determination of prices of oil – that is when members act together to take charge of production and put to balance the market forces in the world market. The cartel sets quotas on the amount of crude oil they are to produce with the reason to stabilize oil price at a certain targeted level (Riley, para. 9). On the other hand, the long run supply of crude oil in the market is also influenced by certain factors. These are low oil reserves that results from depletion of the oil resources due to an ever increasing demand for the commodity. Exploration affects the supply of oil by the virtue of the investment in exploring new oil zones. Change in the technology of extracting oil affects the extraction co st and the profit levels of extraction and refining thus impacting on the supply of the commodity (Riley, para. 10). Most classical economic theorists on argue that a rise in demand for a good or service results in the rise in the price for that good. They further add that when prices of a commodity rise, more businessmen are attracted to invest in the production of the commodity. This leads to a surplus in production, thus resulting in a shrink in price as competition between manufacturers continue. However, these economics failed to consider their argument as it should be applied on a depleting good like oil, minerals and natural gas. The production and consumption of these commodities is relatively inelastic when other factors for example politics, cultural factors and environmental destruction are held constant. For these commodities the shifts in investment however huge the shift may be has no likelihood to lead to a correspondence rise in supply (Cooke, para.3).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Elasticity of Oil Production and Consumption specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global oil market has been very inelastic to an extent that huge rises in upstream investment do not produce contemporaneous rise in supply anymore. Assuming that other factors remain constant, it takes a very long time to establish an oil field. Moreover, we have limited ability to bring newer production online thus. The limit is caused by political objectives of nations and the cultural constraints. An example is countries like Venezuela, Iraq or Nigeria where cultural economics has worked in any potential elasticity to decline due to local restrictions (Cooke, para.3). The efficiency of energy can be established by measuring the energy quantity used per unit of the output attained. This is also referred to as energy intensity. It can also be established by comparing the increase rate in energy cons umption and the rate of gross national product growth which roughly equals to the demand elasticity for energy (Amuzegar and Fonds monetaire international, p. 87). It is a fact that energy demand is unrelated to the price of energy that is, in the short-run. However, in the long-run, resilient changes in prices of energy have a significant effect on the demand for the commodity (Natal, p.26) Peak oil production After the mid 2008, the aggregate demand for oil declined due to very high prices. This is the time when the world recession was beginning. The oil price later collapsed. The demand for oil recovered in 2009. The sharp rise in price of oil followed and was accompanied by a sharp rise in commodities and services that utilize oil in its production (McGreal, p. 120). Oil Price elasticity of supply Price elasticity is the measure of the level to which production can rise to satisfy the rising demand. The increase in production is related to a rise in prices. If the supply of oil is inelastic, increased production is followed by a sharp rise in prices. It is presumed that the ceiling price of oil that we experience today is linked to the recovering demand that has come after the recession rising against a tighter supply. The sharpest recession was experienced more than seventy years ago (Natal, p. 27).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Oil is a very important commodity that is widely consumed globally. Prices of oil have more often than not generated big debates and causing friction in some countries. The demand for oil keeps increasing. The demand and supply of oil is determined by numerous factors though there are some dominant factors that affect oil production and consumption. The elasticity of oil production and consumption is centrally impacted by the oil cartel that controls the production of oil in the world. Works Cited Amuzegar, Jahangir and Fonds moneÃŒ taire international. Oil exporters’ economic development in an interdependent world. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. 2010. Cooke, Ron. â€Å"The elasticity of oil production and consumption†, Energy Bulletin, 2007. Web. McGreal, Ryan. Rising Gas Prices and the Unnameable Cause: Peak Oil, 2010. Web. http://raisethehammer.org/article/1234/rising_gas_prices_and_the_unnameable_cause Natal, Jean-Marc. Monetary Policy Re sponse to Oil Price Shocks. Zurich: Swiss National Bank, 2010. Print. Riley, Geoff. AS Markets Market Systems: Market for Oil. 2006. Web.. https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/finite-and-renewable-resources This research paper on The Elasticity of Oil Production and Consumption was written and submitted by user Valentin Dunn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815

The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 The tremendous eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most powerful volcanic eruption of the 19th century. The eruption and the tsunamis it triggered killed tens of thousands of people. The magnitude of the explosion itself is difficult to fathom. It has been estimated that Mount Tambora stood approximately 12,000 feet tall before the 1815 eruption when the top third of the mountain was completely obliterated. Adding to the disasters massive scale, the huge amount of dust blasted into the upper atmosphere by the Tambora eruption contributed to a bizarre and highly destructive weather event the following year. The year 1816 became known as ​the year without a summer. The disaster on the remote island of Sumbawa in the Indian Ocean has been overshadowed by the eruption of the volcano at Krakatoa decades later, partly because the news of Krakatoa traveled quickly via telegraph. Accounts of the Tambora eruption were considerably rarer, yet some vivid ones do exist. An administrator of the East India Company, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was serving as governor of Java at the time, published a striking account of the disaster based on written reports he had collected from English traders and military personnel. Beginnings of the Mount Tambora Disaster The island of Sumbawa, home to Mount Tambora, is located in present-day Indonesia. When the island was first discovered by Europeans, the mountain was thought to be an extinct volcano. However, about three years before the 1815 eruption, the mountain seemed to come to life. Rumblings were felt, and a dark smoky cloud appeared atop the summit. On April 5, 1815, the volcano began to erupt. British traders and explorers heard the sound and at first thought it to be the firing of cannon. There was a fear that a sea battle was being fought nearby. The Massive Eruption of Mount Tambora On the evening of April 10, 1815, the eruptions intensified, and a massive major eruption began to blow the volcano apart. Viewed from a settlement about 15 miles to the east, it seemed that three columns of flames shot into the sky. According to a witness on an island about 10 miles to the south, the entire mountain appeared to turn into liquid fire. Stones of pumice more than six inches in diameter began to rain down on neighboring islands. Violent winds propelled by the eruptions struck settlements like ​hurricanes, and some reports claimed that the wind and sound-triggered small earthquakes. Tsunamis emanating from the island of Tambora destroyed settlements on other islands, killing tens of thousands of people. Investigations by modern-day archaeologists have determined that an island culture on Sumbawa was completely wiped out by the Mount Tambora eruption. Written Reports of Mount Tamboras Eruption As the eruption of Mount Tambora occurred before communication by telegraph, accounts of the cataclysm were slow to reach Europe and North America. The British governor of Java, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was learning an enormous amount about the native inhabitants of the local islands while writing his 1817 book History of Java, collected accounts of the eruption. Raffles began his account of the Mount Tambora eruption by noting the confusion about the source of the initial sounds: The first explosions were heard on this Island in the evening of the 5th of April, they were noticed in every quarter, and continued at intervals until the following day. The noise was in the first instance almost universally attributed to distant cannon; so much so, that a detachment of troops were marched from Djocjocarta [a nearby province] in the expectation that a neighboring post was attacked. And along the coast boats were in two instances dispatched in quest of a supposed ship in distress. After the initial explosion was heard, Raffles said it was supposed that the eruption was no greater than other volcanic eruptions in that region. But he noted that on the evening of April 10 extremely loud explosions were heard and large amounts of dust began to fall from the sky. Other employees of the East India Company in the region were directed by Raffles to submit reports about the aftermath of the eruption. The accounts are chilling. One letter submitted to Raffles describes how, on the morning of April 12, 1815, no sunlight was visible at 9 a.m. on a nearby island. The sun had been entirely obscured by volcanic dust in the atmosphere. A letter from an Englishman on the island of Sumanap described how, on the afternoon of April 11, 1815, by four oclock it was necessary to light candles. It remained dark until the next afternoon. About two weeks after the eruption, a British officer sent to deliver rice to the island of Sumbawa made an inspection of the island. He reported seeing numerous corpses and widespread destruction. Local inhabitants were becoming ill, and many had already died of hunger. A local ruler, the Rajah of Saugar, gave his account of the cataclysm to British officer Lieutenant Owen Phillips. He described three columns of flames arising from the mountain when it erupted on April 10, 1815. Apparently describing the lava flow, the Rajah said the mountain started to appear like a body of liquid fire, extending itself in every direction. The Rajah also described the effect of the wind unleashed by the eruption: Between nine and ten p.m. ashes began to fall, and soon after a violent whirlwind ensued, which blew down nearly every house in the village of Saugar, carrying the tops and light parts along with it. I n the part of Saugar adjoining [Mount Tambora] its effects were much more violent, tearing up by the roots the largest trees and carrying them into the air together with men, houses, cattle, and whatever else came within its influence. This will account for the immense number of floating trees seen at sea. The sea rose nearly twelve feet higher than it had ever been known to be before, and completely spoiled the only small spots of rice lands in Saugar, sweeping away houses and every thing within its reach. Worldwide Effects of the Mount Tambora Eruption Though it would not be apparent for more than a century, the eruption of Mount Tambora contributed to one of the worst weather-related disasters of the 19th century. The following year, 1816, became known as the Year Without a Summer. The dust particles blasted into the upper atmosphere from Mount Tambora were carried by air currents and spread across the world. By the fall of 1815, eerily colored sunsets were being observed in London. And the following year the weather patterns in Europe and North America changed drastically. While the winter of 1815 and 1816 was fairly ordinary, the spring of 1816 turned odd. Temperatures did not rise as expected, and very cold temperatures persisted in some places well into the summer months. Widespread crop failures caused hunger and even famine in some places. The eruption of Mount Tambora thus may have caused widespread casualties on the opposite side of the world.

Karyo- or Caryo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes

Karyo- or Caryo- Biology Prefixes and Suffixes The prefix (karyo- or caryo-) means nut or kernel and also refers to the nucleus of a cell. Examples Caryopsis (cary-opsis): fruit of grasses and grains that consists of a single-celled, seed-like fruit. Karyocyte (karyo-cyte): a cell that contains a nucleus. Karyochrome (karyo-chrome): a type of nerve cell in which the nucleus stains easily with dyes. Karyogamy (karyo-gamy): uniting of cell nuclei, as in fertilization. Karyokinesis (karyo-kinesis): division of the nucleus that occurs during the cell cycle phases of mitosis and meiosis. Karyology (karyo-logy): the study of the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Karyolymph (karyo-lymph): the aqueous component of the nucleus in which the chromatin and other nuclear components are suspended. Karyolysis (karyo-lysis): the dissolution of the nucleus that occurs during cell death. Karyomegaly (karyo-mega-ly): abnormal enlargement of the cell nucleus. Karyomere (karyo-mere): a vesicle containing a small portion of the nucleus, typically following abnormal cell division. Karyomitome (karyo-mitome): chromatin network within the cell nucleus. Karyon (karyon): the cell nucleus. Karyophage (karyo-phage): a parasite that engulfs and destroys the nucleus of a cell. Karyoplasm (karyo-plasm): the protoplasm of the nucleus of a cell; also known as nucleoplasm. Karyopyknosis (karyo-pyk-nosis): shrinkage of the cell nucleus that is accompanied by the condensation of chromatin during apoptosis. Karyorrhexis (karyo-rrhexis): stage of cell death in which the nucleus ruptures and disperses its chromatin throughout the cytoplasm. Karyosome (karyo-some): dense mass of chromatin in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell. Karyostasis (karyo-stasis): stage of the cell cycle, also known as interphase, where the cell undergoes a period of growth in preparation for cell division. This stage occurs between two successive divisions of the cell nucleus. Karyotheca (karyo-theca): double membrane that encloses the contents of the nucleus, also known as the nuclear envelope. Its outer portion is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Karyotype (karyo-type): an organized visual representation of the chromosomes in the cell nucleus arranged according to characteristics such as number, size, and shape.

A topic about any scienes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A topic about any scienes - Essay Example However in the recent decade, these accidents have almost doubled, which have alarmed scientists. Accidents in which chlorine has spilled in factories have also been unknowingly mixed with other chemicals. Undoubtedly, thousands of people have been in at risk for exposing to this reaction and have been evacuated to address the issue. The worst incident occurred in 2005, when the crash of 18 freight trains occurred, exposing chlorine gas to a whole community in which 9 people were killed and at least 1400 were exposed to this fatal combination. The worst part about chlorine gas is the fact that it even small exposures can cause choking and wheezing. In addition, it can burn the eyes, skin and throat. The gravity of this issue can be depicted here as Mary Anne Duncan, an epidemiologist at the federal Agency states, â€Å"Exposure to high levels of chlorine gas from a release can cause severe health effects, including death.† Researchers insist that these conditions lead to fatal heart disease and continue to rise at a shocking rate. Throughout history, Chlorine has been used to not only for killing purposes in war but also to infuse fear. The body has no control over the metabolic rate as an individual is exposed to it. The gloomy depiction painted here is exactly what occurs during these incidents. Chlorine had a high percentage with victims, 30.9 percent, second only to carbon monoxide, which had 41.7 percent with victims. Clearly, this is a threat that should be addressed. From my perspective, this clearly seems to be an issue that must be approached from a very serious manner. This will continue to be a hazardous agenda on the minds of the several residents who can seriously develop tragic medical conditions. Since chlorine is lethal, the government should try to enact some laws for companies that can safely handle these type of sensitive chemicals. Additionally, all residents should be well-aware of the dangers of

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance Coursework - 2

3 QUESTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE and deviance - Coursework Example In the United States, which supposedly has a better set of laws than states such as Colombia or Iran, there still are reprehensible violations and deviant behaviour. For example, Abu Ghraib, a former Iraqi prison, became a stellar example of the US military’s capacity for elite deviance. . There had been blatant violations of the rights of the prisoners as the photographs that leaked out of Abu Ghraib confirm. The report filed by Major General Taguba on his inspection of the institution was a graphic representation of how the prison was run (Hersh, 2004). The pictures which started the whole controversy were proof enough of the culpability of the participants. A justification given is that â€Å"it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish insurgents from citizens within the population† (Lane: 2009, 3), however it still cannot justify the level of atrocities. To the extent that US support for such regimes is based on arms rather than development, U.S. policy becomes a factor in exacerbating these wretched conditions. By 1993, yearly U.S. weapons sales to foreign nations had reached $33billion. In 1983, the United States was the primary supplier to at least twenty of the world’s nations engaged in war at that time. Also, it would appear that elite deviance in the United States is motivated by money, whilst elite deviance elsewhere, or global elite deviance can be motivated by other things, such as religion or nationalism. There are impacts on the well-being of a person who have unjustified stigmatization and these impacts are deep and profound. For example, the stigma against obese women. According to Thio, et. al., â€Å"the obese typically accept the denigration thin society dishes out to them because they feel for the most part that they deserve it. And they do not defend other fat people who are being criticized because they are a mirror of themselves; they mirror

The Phonological Similarity Effect In Working Memory Psychology Essay

The Phonological Similarity Effect In Working Memory Psychology Essay A considerable amount of cognitive, behavioural research has been conducted on the working memory model and the role of the phonological loop and similarity effects on the serial recall paradigm. The purpose of this study was to extend the existing research available in support of the evidence for Baddeley and Hitch (1974) working memory model and the role of the phonological loop. A group of 18 undergraduate university psychology students were each subjected to two individual visual phonological tests to provide data on recall scores for a set of six similar and dissimilar letters. The data obtained was analysed separately before performing a using a two tailed paired related sample t-test. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in scores obtained on recall of dissimilar and similar letters with higher scores being recorded on recall of dissimilar letters. Introduction The concept of a well-defined form of memory that is able to store information on a temporary basis whilst being utilised in the service of cognitive process is not new idea, but theories regarding the components that make up the short-term storage memory have evolved considerably during the last century (Gross, 2010; Myers, 2005). The proposal of the multi-store model (MSM) by Atkinsons and Shiffrin (1968) introduced the concept that short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) had differing and distinct modes of storing information. This led to a considerable amount of research being conducted on how STM operated (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). Particular attention has been given to auditory and visuospatial input along with acoustically similar or dissimilar associations in the information being stored and the affect this may have on information recalled (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Schulman, 1971; Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). In Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) model, the function of STM is said to provide a means of controlling and enhancing information before it makes it into long-term memory. This is done through rehearsal and coding strategies (Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch introduced their Working Memory (WM) model, a more dynamic system, as opposed to the more passive Atkinson and Shiffrin MSM (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). A definition of working memory can be stated as the collection of cognitive processes that allows information to be held temporarily in an accessible state, whilst in the service of some cognitive task (Baddeley, 2001). One of the important characteristics that differentiate the WM model from the Atkinson-Shiffrin (1968) MS model is the use of two distinct short-term memory buffers, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad and the argument that the independence of these buffers allow for a greater flexibility in memory storage (Baddeley Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986) These short term memory buffers are two of the four components that make up the WM model (Baddeley, 1986). At the core is the central executive hub, which processes data and cognitive tasks, followed by the two memory subsystems; the visuospatial sketch pad, which processes information received in either visual or spatial form and the  phonological loop  the area within the WM that deals with language information in auditory or visual form. The final component is the episodic buffer, which was introduced 20 years after the model was first proposed, which links all the components of WM with long-term memory to enhance function (Baddeley Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley, 2000) According Baddeley (1986) the phonological loop is comprised of two individual subcomponents; the phonological store, sometimes called the inner ear which holds auditorily presented verbal information and the articulatory control process (ACP), sometimes called the inner voice. Although limits to working memory are easily observed, ever since George Miller (1956) suggested people can recall approximately seven independent, items or chunks of information at a time, it has been more difficult to determine what specific cognitive faculties underlie these observed limits. It has been proposed in several studies (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965) that observed limit recall depends upon details of the stimuli. For example, immediate memory retrieval for lists of serial presented verbal information is better when the lists that contain letters or words that are dissimilar as indicated in the experiments performed by Conrad (1959) and Wickelgren (1965). Consequently it is claimed there is a correlation between phonologically similar and dissimilar information input and memory span, specifically that the recall for dissimilar words or letters would be greater than that for the similar ones presented either auiditorable or viusally (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Muller, Seymour, Kieras, Meyer, 2003; Eysneck Keane, 2010). The aim of this study was to examine the evidence for Baddel and Shiffrins (1974) WM model with the hypothises that there is a greater ability to recall letters that are dissimilar in nature to those that share common phonological similarities. Method Participants A total of 18 participants were recruited from within a group of undergraduate students, enrolled on the Swansea Metropolitan Universitys Psychology Joint Hons degree course. The participants ages ranged between 18 and 51 years, (M =26.89, R=33, SD=10.26). The participant group was comprised of six males whos ages ranged between 24 and 51 years, (M=35.5, R=27, SD=11.47) and 12 females whos ages ranged between 18 and 38 years, (M=22.58, R=20, SD=6.5). Materials The study materials consisted of two sets of six sequence cards one set for the similar letters and one for the dissimilar letters. The similar letter set comprised of the letters P, E, V, T, C and G with the dissimilar letter set comprising of the letters J, H, P, V, X and F. Each participant was given a blank recall sheet to record their answers with researcher using a score sheet to record their individual scores for each set of letters. Design This quantitative within-subject study sought to investigate the scores obtained between two variables using the paradigm of serial verbal recall. The independent variable (IV) being the similar and dissimilar letter sets used and the dependent variable (DV), being that of the recall scores of each participant. Scores were recorded between 0 and 6 for each of the tests; with only letters recalled in their correct positions being positively scored. All the data obtained was analysed using a two tailed paired related sample t-test within a SPSS package. Procedure Both the participants and researchers were all part of the undergraduate psychology course and due to the study being performed as part of their studies, no consent for was required to be signed. Participants were informed of the requirements for the study before each researcher selected two individuals from the participant pool in order to carry out the experiment, with each participant being tested individually and in isolation of the other. The experiment procedure was explained to each individual participant prior to testing, with a test run being conducted in order to assure full understanding was reached. Each set of six similar and dissimilar letters were presented to the participant separately, with each letter card being presented visually for 1 second, with a 2 second delay between the presentations of each new letter. After all of the six letters had been shown a 5 second delay was counted down by the researcher to allow for rehearsal, before the Recall Now card was shown. The participant then attempted to recall the letters shown in their correct sequence of display on the recall sheet. This was repeated for the next set of letters, with the same procedures being repeated. There was no preference of order for the similar or dissimilar letter sets to be shown first. The recall sheets were returned to the researcher who calculated their scores on each of the tests with all scores for each pair of participants collected by the researchers and collated together to give an overall data set of 36 sets of scores. Results Table 1: Comparison of recall scores between similar and dissimilar word sets Test Type Total Score Mean Participants (n) Std Deviation t df Sig. (2-tailed) Similar 130 3.66 36 1.66 2.38 35 0.23 Dissimilar 158 4.39 1.5 Table 1 shows the mean scores obtained for each of the conditions being tested; similar recall test (M=3.61, SD=1.66) and dissimilar recall test (M=4.39, SD=1.5). As the table indicates the participants scored higher on the dissimilar recall test by correctly recalling more letters in the right order of display than when tested on the similar letter set. Analysis of these results show a significant difference in the recall scores, t (35) = 2.38, p Discussion The results obtained in this study has shown that there is a significant difference in the number of letters recalled in correct sequence between similar and dissimilar sets of letters, with dissimilar letters being recalled better than phonologically similar acoustic sounding letters. These results support previous acoustic similarity recall effects in STM research (Conrad, 1964; Wickelgren, 1965; Muller, Seymour, Kieras, Meyer, 2003; Jones, Macken, Nicholls, 2004; Page, Cumming, Norris, Hitch, McNeil, 2006) and in turn support the concept of the phonological loop as proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) WM model. The study also supports the findings of Smith, Wilson, and Reisberg (1995) in that the visual presentation of the letters sets were processed indirectly into the phonological store component of the phonological loop through the ACP allowing the participants to rehearse the letters observed acoustically using the inner voice. However, there are some concerns on the effects of phonological complexity related to word length including the number of syllables or phonemic length of the letters within words, which suggests that the word length effect in the serial recall task may be better explained by differences in linguistic and lexical properties of words (Jalbert, Neath, Bireta, Surprenant, 2011). It can be argued that studies of this nature have a low ecological value, as they dont represent the real world. Baddeley, Gathercole, Papagno (1998), claim that the function of the phonological loop has evolved in order to facilitate the learning of unique phonological forms of new words. They propose that this is its primary purpose, to store unfamiliar acoustic patterns while more permanent memory records are being fabricated. Despite this study supporting the hypothesis that there is a phonological effect that influences the ability to successfully recall more letters that are dissimilar in nature as opposed to those that share common phonological similarities, the use of the phonological loop in retaining sequences of familiar letters/words is, it is argued secondary to its primary function of learning language (Baddeley, Gathercole, Papagno, 1998). References Atkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. Spence, J. Spence (Eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 2, pp. 90-191). New York: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417-423. Baddeley, A. D. (2001). Is working memory still working? American Psychologist, 1-31. Baddeley, A. D., Hitch, G. (1974). Working Memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press. Baddeley, A. D., Gathercole, S., Papagno, C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105(1), 158-173. Conrad, R. (1964). Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology, 55(1), 75-84. Eysneck, M. W., Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive Psychology: A Students Handbook (6th ed.). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. Gross, R. (2010). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (6th ed.). London: Hodder Education. Jalbert, A., Neath, I., Bireta, T. J., Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 37(2), 338-353. Jones, D. M., Macken, W. J., Nicholls, A. P. (2004). The phonological store of working memory: Is it phonological and is it a store? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 30(3), 656-674. Miller, G. A. (1956). The maigical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. Muller, S. T., Seymour, T. L., Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E. (2003). Theoretical implications of articulatory duration, phonological similarity and phonological complexity in verbal working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29(6), 1353-1380. Myers, D. G. (2005). Exploring Psychology (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Page, M. P., Cumming, N., Norris, D., Hitch, G. J., McNeil, A. M. (2006). Repitition learning in the immediate serial recall of visual and auditory materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 32(4), 716-733. Schulman, H. G. (1971). Similarity effects in short term memory. Psychological Bulletin, 75(6), 399-415. Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., Reisberg, D. (1995). The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia, 33(11), 1433-1454. Wickelgren, W. A. (1965). Acoustic similarity and intrusion errors in short term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70(1), 102-108.

The Influence of the Video Game in Children

The influence of the video game in children A. Violence. 1. Criminal behavior. 2. Disrespect for the authority and law. 3. Use and abuse of drugs and alcohol. B. Sex. Content 1. Abuse of toward women 2. Use of foul language and obscene behavior. 3. Category of the Video game C. Murders. 1. Killing people. 2. Killing animals. 3. Emotional effects. Conclusion. ?Did you know that in 1980 the video games transformed in a phenomenon that revolutionized around the world?Not mention has become a popular activity for people of all ages. As a result the video game is a multibillion dollar company and many children spend large amounts of time playing them and these create bad behavior and studies demonstrate that the children imitate the violence that they see. In the last years if has been shown an increase of rebel children due to the content in the video game they play such as violence, sex content and murders.The influence of the video games in the children has effects with the time. The c hildren who are exposed to violent spectacles can manage to be more aggressive and acquire a criminal behavior where they interact and answer with violence in his social environment. Also the video games transmit values that impact and impress the children and this creates rebellious behaviors and they do not respect the authorities and the laws.For this reason, they create bad vices as the abuse of the drugs and the alcohol to an early age. Another important point is the sexual content that these video games have. Many video games are related to sexual activities since they have not been designed for minors of 18-year-old. Often we see that these games insult and abuse to the woman and induce to the mistreatment and to the use of bad words and obscenities and as consequence is altered the normal and emotional ripeness of the children.Without mentioning that each video game in the part of behind of the box describes that we will find in the game and type of content already be of sex ual character. As an example of video game with sexual content are God of War and Assassin Creed. The murder to persons or animals is common in the video games. The only aim is to struggle and to obtain the major punctuation; nevertheless, this affects negatively the physical, mental, emotional development, and the social environment of the children.As result, it borders the time in order that the children and teenagers make other healthy and productive activities. Considering all these things is the responsibility of the parents to form his children in order that they are good persons for the society. Some children can involve so much in the video game and this creates an addiction and brings big consequences as lower qualifications, overweight, they happen less time with his families and finally they create aggressive behaviors.Also it is a duty of the parents in supervise his children and to know the content of the video games and of being informed what this being bought for his children since a market exists with thousands of video games and many of these have a bad content for his age. The most advisable thing is that the parents feel to playing with his children who interact with them, the parents need motivate his children in participate of other activities and the parents will have achieving a better communication and the safety of which his young minds are not corrupt with video games.